BRODY'S CAUSE (USA) 2013 C b
GIANT'S CAUSEWAY (USA) 1997STORM CAT (USA) 1983STORM BIRD (USA) 1978NORTHERN DANCER (CAN) 1961
SOUTH OCEAN (USA) 1967
TERLINGUA (USA) 1976SECRETARIAT (USA) 1970
CRIMSON SAINT (USA) 1969
MARIAH'S STORM (USA) 1991RAHY (USA) 1985BLUSHING GROOM (FR) 1974
GLORIOUS SONG (USA) 1976
IMMENSE (USA) 1979ROBERTO (USA) 1969
IMSODEAR (USA) 1967
SWEET BREANNA (USA) 2003SAHM (USA) 1994MR PROSPECTOR (USA) 1970RAISE A NATIVE (USA) 1961
GOLD DIGGER (USA) 1962
SALSABIL (IRE) 1987SADLER'S WELLS (USA) 1981
FLAME OF TARA (IRE) 1980
SWEET ROBERTA (USA) 1987ROBERTO (USA) 1969HAIL TO REASON (USA) 1958
BRAMALEA (USA) 1959
CANDY BOWL (USA) 1981MAJESTIC LIGHT (USA) 1973
QUICK CURE (USA) 1971

Race Record

Wins
2016
Blue Grass Stakes (Gr 2)
2015
Breeders' Futurity (Gr 1)
3rds
2015
Breeders' Cup Juvenile (Gr 1)

1st Dam: SWEET BREANNA (USA) 2003

Offspring of SWEET BREANNA

2nds
2006
Algoma Stakes (Restricted)
Bison City Stakes (Restricted)
Woodbine Oaks (Restricted)
3rds
2006
La Lorgnette Stakes (Listed)

Progeny Stakes Results

BRODY'S CAUSE (USA) 2013 by GIANT'S CAUSEWAY

GIANT'S CAUSEWAY (USA) 1997STORM CAT (USA) 1983
MARIAH'S STORM (USA) 1991
SWEET BREANNA (USA) 2003SAHM (USA) 1994
SWEET ROBERTA (USA) 1987
Wins
2016
Blue Grass Stakes (Gr 2)
2015
Breeders' Futurity (Gr 1)
3rds
2015
Breeders' Cup Juvenile (Gr 1)

MIDNIGHT SWEETIE (USA) 2010 by MIDNIGHT LUTE

MIDNIGHT LUTE (USA) 2003REAL QUIET (USA) 1995
CANDYTUFT (USA) 1996
SWEET BREANNA (USA) 2003SAHM (USA) 1994
SWEET ROBERTA (USA) 1987
2nds
2015
Tiffany Lass Stakes (Listed)



Progeny of GIANT'S CAUSEWAY

Stakes performances by surface

59.7% Turf
30.6% Dirt
9.7% All Weather

Distance

Stakes Performers of GIANT'S CAUSEWAY

Sire of 316 stakes performers since 2003

Horses by individual place achieved

Gr1 Gr2 Gr3 L/R
2018 0 1 6 7
2017 0 4 10 16
2016 3 10 17 22
2015 12 17 21 25
2014 16 20 34 32
2013 14 23 26 33
2012 16 14 23 35
2011 9 14 23 26
2010 10 16 16 33
2009 20 22 22 37
2008 13 18 18 35
2007 9 14 22 31
2006 9 14 22 18
2005 16 6 5 11
2004 2 3 2 3
Performer
Br.Sire 		Gr1 Gr2 Gr3 L/R
OUR GIANT 6 4 0 2
MCGINTY
MY TYPHOON 5 5 2 2
MISWAKI
CREATIVE CAUSE 5 3 0 0
SIBERIAN SUMMER
IMAGINING 5 2 1 1
A P INDY
GIANT'S STEPS 5 1 0 0
HENNESSY
BIG CAZANOVA 4 3 3 1
MORNING BOB
CATCH A FLIGHT 4 2 0 0
LODE
SHAMARDAL 4 1 0 0
MACHIAVELLIAN
GHANAATI 4 0 0 0
MR PROSPECTOR
COWBOY CAL 3 6 1 3
SEEKING THE GOLD
ARAGORN 3 4 1 1
MR PROSPECTOR
GIANT OAK 3 3 7 1
CRAFTY PROSPECTOR
SWIFT TEMPER 3 3 3 0
SEEKING THE GOLD
MAIDS CAUSEWAY 3 2 1 1
KINGMAMBO
MODEL 3 2 0 2
MACHIAVELLIAN
RED GIANT 3 2 0 1
KINGMAMBO
FIRST SAMURAI 3 1 1 0
DIXIELAND BAND
RITE OF PASSAGE 3 1 0 1
KRIS S
MONA LISA 3 0 1 0
SHIRLEY HEIGHTS
ARCADIUS 3 0 0 0
FARMA WAY
KUNG FU MAMBO 3 0 0 0
KINGMAMBO
FED BIZ 2 5 2 1
WILD AGAIN
HEATSEEKER 2 4 1 1
DEFENSIVE PLAY
EISHIN APOLLON 2 4 1 0
SADLER'S WELLS
BOOK REVIEW 2 3 1 1
DISTORTED HUMOR
DALKALA 2 3 1 0
ANABAA
VISCOUNT NELSON 2 3 0 3
SADLER'S WELLS
ABACO 2 2 4 1
PLEASANT COLONY
INTENSE FOCUS 2 2 0 1
DANEHILL
CARPE DIEM 2 2 0 0
UNBRIDLED'S SONG
PROTONICO 2 1 3 0
A P INDY
BLUERIDGE MOUNTAIN 2 1 1 1
DISTANT VIEW
CARRIAGE TRAIL 2 1 1 1
SEEKING THE GOLD
JUST PRETENDING 2 1 1 0
MR PROSPECTOR
BRODY'S CAUSE 2 1 0 0
SAHM
TAKE CHARGE BRANDI 2 0 2 1
SEEKING THE GOLD
JADE QUEEN 2 0 1 4
JADE HUNTER
OREGON 2 0 1 0
QUIET AMERICAN
BOUCLETTE TOP 1 4 1 2
HONOUR AND GLORY
AWAIT THE DAWN 1 3 1 0
DIXIELAND BAND
DESTIN 1 3 1 0
SIBERIAN SUMMER
IRISH MISSION 1 2 6 0
MISWAKI
POTENT WAY 1 2 1 1
HIDDEN PRIZE
STRAIGHT STORY 1 2 1 1
LEAR FAN
HOLD ME BACK 1 2 1 0
UNBRIDLED'S SONG
SANTIVA 1 2 0 0
SMARTEN
RED RIFLE 1 1 5 4
GULCH
AWESOME PLANET 1 1 4 1
FASLIYEV
CAROLINE THOMAS 1 1 3 2
DISTORTED HUMOR
SHOWCAUSE 1 1 3 1
LORD BALLINA
NEKO BAY 1 1 2 1
RUBIANO
JACK THE GIANT 1 1 1 0
HIGH ESTATE
CENTER DIVIDER 1 1 1 0
LOMITAS
FLOATING HEART 1 1 1 0
SILVER GHOST
TOP JULIETTE 1 1 1 0
SOUTHERN HALO
NAISSANCE ROYALE 1 1 0 0
FORTY NINER
UBERALLES 1 1 0 0
RHYTHM
FLYING SPUR 1 1 0 0
SEATTLE SLEW
JULIUS TOP 1 1 0 0
SOUTHERN HALO
JUSTE MOMENTE 1 0 3 1
DANEHILL
CORPORATE JUNGLE 1 0 1 2
CARSON CITY
PRIMARY 1 0 1 1
MR PROSPECTOR
PENELOPA 1 0 1 1
TORRENTIAL
ITSONLYACTINGDAD 1 0 1 0
A P INDY
MAIPO TOP 1 0 1 0
PARADE MARSHAL
FOOTSTEPSINTHESAND 1 0 1 0
RAINBOW QUEST
BAMBINA MIA 1 0 1 0
ROY
HENRY THE DIXON 1 0 1 0
ROYAL ACADEMY
INTERNALLYFLAWLESS 1 0 1 0
SEEKING THE GOLD
NOBLE CAUSEWAY 1 0 1 0
SEEKING THE GOLD
NOT THIS TIME 1 0 1 0
TRIPPI
GUSTAVIAN 1 0 0 1
AFFIRMED
DREAMTHEIMPOSSIBLE 1 0 0 1
THUNDER GULCH
DIAMOND OMI 1 0 0 0
FAPPIANO
HER MAJESTY 1 0 0 0
SMARTEN
NAISSANCE ROYALE 0 4 4 1
FORTY NINER
COLTRANE 0 3 4 2
RAINBOW QUEST
UNCOILED 0 3 1 1
ALZAO
DRILLING FOR OIL 0 3 1 1
BANNER SPORT
WINNING CAUSE 0 2 5 5
KINGMAMBO
FAIRBANKS 0 2 3 2
TIME FOR A CHANGE
GIANTS PLAY 0 2 1 1
SADLER'S WELLS
ESKENDEREYA 0 2 1 0
SEATTLE SLEW
SEGWAY 0 2 1 0
SEATTLE SLEW
SANTAGOSTINO 0 2 0 2
SIR TRISTRAM
CAUTIOUS GIANT 0 2 0 1
DEPUTY MINISTER
MOHAYER 0 2 0 0
TOP VILLE
NORTHERN GIANT 0 2 0 0
WAR CHANT
GIANT MARKED 0 1 4 0
EGG TOSS
POINT PIPER 0 1 3 4
SADLER'S WELLS
MISSISSIPPI DELTA 0 1 3 3
PURGE
ANGLIANA 0 1 2 7
JADE HUNTER
POINTILLISTE 0 1 2 3
ALYDAR
VONTADE DE MATAR 0 1 2 3
ROYAL ACADEMY
WORTH REPEATING 0 1 2 1
A P INDY
GIGANTIC BREEZE 0 1 2 1
DIXIELAND BAND
BRICKS AND MORTAR 0 1 2 1
OCEAN CREST
BATTLE FORCE 0 1 2 0
FUSAICHI PEGASUS
FROST GIANT 0 1 2 0
GONE WEST
CURSI ROY TOP 0 1 2 0
ROY
WIN MCCOOL 0 1 1 1
CRAFTY PROSPECTOR
RODDICK 0 1 1 1
HUSSONET
CONNEMARA 0 1 1 1
MR LEADER
RIVIERA COCKTAIL 0 1 1 1
RUBIANO
QUAINTLY 0 1 1 1
SEEKING THE GOLD
CLOSE ALLY 0 1 1 0
ANABAA
PABLO DEL MONTE 0 1 1 0
BRING THE HEAT
GIANT GIZMO 0 1 1 0
HANSEL
TABLEAUX 0 1 1 0
HANSEL
MARISTAR 0 1 1 0
KEY TO THE MINT
GRAND ADMIRAL 0 1 1 0
OGYGIAN
CIA TOP 0 1 1 0
PARADE MARSHAL
JAY GATSBY 0 1 1 0
RUBIANO
GENERAL CONSENSUS 0 1 1 0
SEATTLE SLEW
IRISH SURF 0 1 1 0
SEATTLE SLEW
VEXATIOUS 0 1 1 0
SIBERIAN SUMMER
SAVE THE TIGER 0 1 0 3
NUMEROUS
PHENOMENONS 0 1 0 3
OCTAGONAL
GIGANTE DE OURO 0 1 0 3
TUMBLE LARK
NATALIE JANE 0 1 0 2
SELKIRK
MAN OF IRON 0 1 0 1
DEPUTY MINISTER
COGITO 0 1 0 1
FAPPIANO
DIAMOND SON 0 1 0 1
SMART STRIKE
CHIEF HAVOC 0 1 0 0
A P INDY
ANAKIM 0 1 0 0
AFLEET
ROICEAD 0 1 0 0
DANEHILL
THE PADDYMAN 0 1 0 0
DANEHILL
AMERICAN BAR 0 1 0 0
DODGE
WINNING RHYTHM 0 1 0 0
EASY GOER
SUZUKA CAUSEWAY 0 1 0 0
FRENCH DEPUTY
CELTIC FANTASY 0 1 0 0
PEINTRE CELEBRE
FEE FI FO FUM 0 1 0 0
PLEASANT TAP
PERUGIA TOP 0 1 0 0
POLIGLOTE
CONSPIRACY 0 1 0 0
QUIET AMERICAN
FRONT RANGE 0 1 0 0
SEATTLE SLEW
GIANT'S JEWEL 0 1 0 0
SEATTLE SLEW
UNE DAME 0 1 0 0
SOUTHERN HALO
RESTORING HOPE 0 1 0 0
TAPIT
GIANT CATS EYE 0 1 0 0
UNREAL ZEAL
GIANT WRECKER 0 0 5 2
BUCKAROO
GIANT REMEX 0 0 4 3
SOUTHERN HALO
NIGHT PROWLER 0 0 4 2
MORE THAN READY
EXCITED 0 0 4 2
THUNDER GULCH
NAPLES BAY 0 0 4 0
BAILJUMPER
PALAVICINI 0 0 3 2
SADLER'S WELLS
CITY WOLF 0 0 3 0
RELAUNCH
GIANT RUN 0 0 2 5
POLISH NUMBERS
BASTET 0 0 2 2
DAY IS DONE
GIANT CHIEFTAN 0 0 2 2
FIT TO FIGHT
A SHIN G LINE 0 0 2 1
DANZIG
CIAO BELLA 0 0 2 1
FRENCH DEPUTY
MR RYDER 0 0 2 1
GONE WEST
EIGHTFOLD PATH 0 0 2 1
KINGMAMBO
SHINTOH 0 0 2 1
KRIS S
BRIDGE GAME 0 0 2 1
MAJESTIC LIGHT
ATHOMIC 0 0 2 1
NEDAWI
CHARM THE GIANT 0 0 2 1
OLYMPIO
NORTHERN CAUSEWAY 0 0 2 1
SILVER DEPUTY
ANDINA DEL SUR 0 0 2 1
SINGSPIEL
BRIDGE OF GOLD 0 0 2 0
DOC'S LEADER
VIVA CARINA 0 0 2 0
HIGHEST HONOR
HARRIETT LANE 0 0 2 0
LYCIUS
VULCAN'S FORGE 0 0 2 0
SEEKING THE GOLD
NIAGARA CAUSEWAY 0 0 2 0
THEATRICAL
QUIET GIANT 0 0 1 5
QUIET AMERICAN
ST ALBANS BOY 0 0 1 3
DIAMOND SHOAL
RABBUKA 0 0 1 3
FAPPIANO
DANCING SOLO 0 0 1 3
KINGMAMBO
SOUPER LUCKY 0 0 1 3
SEEKING THE GOLD
LIRA 0 0 1 3
WOODMAN
CAUSEWAY'S KIN 0 0 1 3
YOU AND I
GIANT MOON 0 0 1 2
CAPOTE
APPLE MARTINI 0 0 1 2
CRAFTY PROSPECTOR
TRENSA 0 0 1 2
FAPPIANO
MR MACCOOL 0 0 1 2
HALO
BENBANE HEAD 0 0 1 2
MINING
GREATEST GAME 0 0 1 1
CARSON CITY
JAGUAR PAW 0 0 1 1
CARSON CITY
PERFECT FOR YOU 0 0 1 1
DEPUTY MINISTER
MACAU CAUSEWAY 0 0 1 1
DESERT SUN
HEAVY BREATHING 0 0 1 1
GONE WEST
SWEET CAZANOVA 0 0 1 1
LODE
ANOTHER GIANT 0 0 1 1
LYPHARD'S WISH
ALMONSOON 0 0 1 1
MR PROSPECTOR
CONTENTIOUS 0 0 1 1
MR PROSPECTOR
JULIA TUTTLE 0 0 1 1
RIDE THE RAILS
CHIP LEADER 0 0 1 1
TAPIT
MIKE FOX 0 0 1 0
ALZAO
SHANGANI 0 0 1 0
ALZAO
ANDREA MANTEGNA 0 0 1 0
BERING
MIGMATITE 0 0 1 0
CAPOTE
CAUSATION 0 0 1 0
CLEVER TRICK
GUILTY TWELVE 0 0 1 0
DANEHILL
MURJANA 0 0 1 0
DANEHILL
ENDERS CAT 0 0 1 0
DEPUTY MINISTER
SUNSHINE FOR LIFE 0 0 1 0
EXCLUSIVE NATIVE
DREAM KIRARI 0 0 1 0
GONE WEST
MAGICAL AFFAIR 0 0 1 0
GONE WEST
THE VISUALISER 0 0 1 0
HOLY BULL
ARIENZA 0 0 1 0
JADE HUNTER
EVACUATE 0 0 1 0
MILL REEF
ENTRECHAT 0 0 1 0
MINARDI
MAKARIOS 0 0 1 0
MR PROSPECTOR
BATTLE HARDENED 0 0 1 0
NORTHERN FASHION
GALE FORCE 0 0 1 0
POINT GIVEN
BIG TOP 0 0 1 0
QUIET AMERICAN
CHINA CAUSEWAY 0 0 1 0
ROYAL ACADEMY
ART MARKET 0 0 1 0
SALT LAKE
SEEKING HER GLORY 0 0 1 0
SEEKING THE GOLD
POLAWAY 0 0 1 0
SUCCESS EXPRESS
PETROVICH 0 0 1 0
THEATRICAL
BAY OF BISCAY 0 0 1 0
UNBRIDLED'S SONG
QUEEN'S PARADE 0 0 1 0
UNBRIDLED'S SONG
SLOANE SQUARE 0 0 1 0
UNBRIDLED'S SONG
BLUEBERRY SMOOTHIE 0 0 0 9
GULCH
FIRST PASSAGE 0 0 0 6
DEHERE
FOLLOWMYFOOTSTEPS 0 0 0 5
CARSON CITY
LIQUIDATION 0 0 0 5
DANEHILL
TRICKY CAUSEWAY 0 0 0 5
PRIVATE ACCOUNT
COARSEGOLD 0 0 0 4
GRAND SLAM
PRAETEREO 0 0 0 4
SILVER CHARM
SMILING CAUSEWAY 0 0 0 3
CAHILL ROAD
GENERAL JACK 0 0 0 3
DISTANT VIEW
RUSSIAN GREEK 0 0 0 3
GRINDSTONE
PINE NEEDLES 0 0 0 3
LOMITAS
CHETTEN COUNTY 0 0 0 3
LORD AT WAR
HEAVEN'S CAUSE 0 0 0 3
PRIOLO
AQUAPHOBIA 0 0 0 3
REAL QUIET
ALSACE LORRAINE 0 0 0 3
SADLER'S WELLS
UTMOST 0 0 0 2
ALPHABET SOUP
THEY CALL ME GIANT 0 0 0 2
ALYDAR
OAK BROOK 0 0 0 2
CRAFTY PROSPECTOR
TITLEE 0 0 0 2
DANEHILL DANCER
COCONUT SHRIMP 0 0 0 2
DISTORTED HUMOR
GIANT SENSATION 0 0 0 2
DIXIE UNION
MULTIPLAYER 0 0 0 2
DYNAFORMER
ANTRIM COUNTY 0 0 0 2
FAPPIANO
ILLUMIERE 0 0 0 2
FASLIYEV
BLUE WINGS 0 0 0 2
FUSAICHI PEGASUS
GIANT MOVER 0 0 0 2
GOLD FEVER
SIMPLY A STAR 0 0 0 2
GREEN DESERT
ARJUNA 0 0 0 2
HURRICANE SKY
BUM BUM 0 0 0 2
IN THE WINGS
EMPEROR CLAUDIUS 0 0 0 2
KINGMAMBO
VOLTMETER 0 0 0 2
LEAR FAN
I O IRELAND 0 0 0 2
LORD AT WAR
CRIMSON CHINA 0 0 0 2
MR GREELEY
DEMEANOUR 0 0 0 2
MR PROSPECTOR
KILT ROCK 0 0 0 2
MT LIVERMORE
VOLCANIC CAUSEWAY 0 0 0 2
POMPEII COURT
ABSOLUTE CRACKERS 0 0 0 2
RED RANSOM
JOFFE'S RUN 0 0 0 2
SEATTLE SLEW
BEHEMOTH 0 0 0 2
SEEKING THE GOLD
GIANT PAYDAY 0 0 0 2
SEEKING THE GOLD
SCHOLASTIC GIANT 0 0 0 2
SEEKING THE GOLD
BROOKYS STAR 0 0 0 2
STREET CRY
DANCE ACROSS 0 0 0 2
THUNDER GULCH
VAI ROLAR 0 0 0 2
TREMPOLINO
MUSIC GIANT 0 0 0 1
A P INDY
TIGER'S ROCK 0 0 0 1
AFLEET
RETRO 0 0 0 1
ALDEBARAN
ANURA 0 0 0 1
ALLEGED
OBLIQUE 0 0 0 1
ALLEGED
IMAGINE 0 0 0 1
BERTRANDO
ARMY SCOUT 0 0 0 1
CAERLEON
FERDINANDA 0 0 0 1
CAME HOME
RUNWAY GIANT 0 0 0 1
CAPOTE
TRINITY COLLEGE 0 0 0 1
CARSON CITY
CHANNEL STAR 0 0 0 1
CONFIDENTIAL TALK
CASCADE ROSE 0 0 0 1
CRAFTY PROSPECTOR
LLANES 0 0 0 1
DANEHILL
SAYING 0 0 0 1
DANZIG
CHRISTINE DAAE 0 0 0 1
DEHERE
GIANT DEPUTY 0 0 0 1
DEPUTY MINISTER
TITAN OF INDUSTRY 0 0 0 1
DEPUTY MINISTER
TARTINI 0 0 0 1
DIESIS
PARC MONCEAU 0 0 0 1
ECTON PARK
GIANT DREAMER 0 0 0 1
FUSAICHI PEGASUS
EXTRAEXTRAORDINARY 0 0 0 1
GONE WEST
HUMUNGOUS 0 0 0 1
GONE WEST
MAGICAL STEPS 0 0 0 1
GONE WEST
FRENCH TRANSITION 0 0 0 1
HAWKSTER
WILD ZAMBEZI 0 0 0 1
HUSSONET
HASANOUR 0 0 0 1
KALANISI
QUICK MAMBO 0 0 0 1
KINGMAMBO
POLO ARGENTINA 0 0 0 1
KRIS S
FIFTY 0 0 0 1
MARIA'S MON
TOWERING ESCAPE 0 0 0 1
MISWAKI
GLOBAL FORCE 0 0 0 1
MR PROSPECTOR
ZURICH 0 0 0 1
MR PROSPECTOR
LOVETORN 0 0 0 1
MT LIVERMORE
COLONIAL CAUSEWAY 0 0 0 1
PLEASANT COLONY
BARREESH 0 0 0 1
POLISH PRECEDENT
CLARKE LANE 0 0 0 1
REAL QUIET
STARSHIP ZORRO 0 0 0 1
ROAR
ALIEN GIANT 0 0 0 1
ROCK HARD TEN
PRINCE FOREVER 0 0 0 1
ROUSILLON
VERY RAFAELA 0 0 0 1
ROYAL ACADEMY
CHIEF LONE EAGLE 0 0 0 1
SADLER'S WELLS
GIANT DREAM 0 0 0 1
SADLER'S WELLS
OLVIA 0 0 0 1
SALSE
TINAAR 0 0 0 1
SEATTLE SLEW
FLORES ISLAND 0 0 0 1
SEEKING THE GOLD
PHOTO SHOOT 0 0 0 1
SEEKING THE GOLD
ANNEE LUMIERE 0 0 0 1
SILLERY
GIANT BASIL 0 0 0 1
SLEWPY
NOISY SILENCE 0 0 0 1
TAKE ME OUT
HANGINGBYATHREAD 0 0 0 1
THUNDER GULCH
WAIT TIL DAWN 0 0 0 1
THUNDER GULCH
CLARINET 0 0 0 1
UNBRIDLED
NAMASKARA 0 0 0 1
UNBRIDLED
SALSA STAR 0 0 0 1
UNBRIDLED
BOW BELLS 0 0 0 1
UNBRIDLED'S SONG
ABUELA 0 0 0 1
WILD AGAIN
NADEGE 0 0 0 1
ZABEEL
AISCHA 0 0 0 1
ZAFONIC

SAHM as a Broodmare Sire

Offspring 17 Races 48
Best performers A-Z
BRODY'S CAUSE (Gr 1), STREAMLINE (Gr 1), AARAAS (Gr 3), ALSHAHBAA (Gr 3), SALAI (Gr 3), TIGER (Gr 3), ASHEERAH (Listed), DAYMOOMA (Listed), IMAHIT (Listed), JABHAAT (Listed), MAR NEGRO (Listed), MIDNIGHT SWEETIE (Listed), MOTHEEBA (Listed), BLUMIN SWEETHEART (Restricted), DAZZLINGSWEETHEART (Restricted), DUVAL (Restricted), HALLELUJAH HIT (Restricted)